When is electromagnetic spectrum fungible?

Fungibility is a common assumption for market-based spectrum management. In this paper, we explore the dimensions of practical fungibility of frequency bands from the point of view of the spectrum buyer who intends to use it. The exploration shows that fungibility is a complex, multidimensional concept that cannot casually be assumed. We develop two ideas for quantifying fungibility-(i) of a fungibility space in which the 'distance' between two slices of spectrum provides score of fungibility and (ii) a probabilistic score of fungibility. © 2012 IEEE

Phylogeny and Geographic History of Annonaceae

Whereas Takhtajan and Smith situated the origin of angiosperms between Southeast Asia and Australia, Walker and Le Thomas emphasized the concentration of primitive pollen types of Annonaceae in South America and Africa, suggesting instead a Northern Gondwanan origin for this family of primitive angiosperms. A cladistic analysis of Annonaceae shows a basal split of the family into Anaxagorea, the only genus with an Asian and Neotropical distribution, and a basically African and Neotropical line that includes the rest of the family. Several advanced lines occur in both Africa and Asia, one of which reaches Australia. This pattern may reflect the following history: (a) disjunction of Laurasian (Anaxagorea) and Northern Gondwanan lines in the Early Cretaceous, when interchanges across the Tethys were still easy and the major lines of Magnoliidae are documented by paleobotany; (b) radiation of the Northern Gondwanan line during the Late Cretaceous, while oceanic barriers were widening; (c) dispersal of African lines into Laurasia due to northward movement of Africa and India in the Early Tertiary, attested by the presence of fossil seeds of Annonaceae in Europe, and interchanges between North and South America at the end of the Tertiary.Alors que Takhtajan et Smith situaient l'origine des Angiospermes entre le Sud-Est asiatique et l'Australie. Walker et Le Thomas ont souligné la concentration des types polliniques primitifs d'Annonaceae en Amérique du Sud et en Afrique, laissant plutôt supposer une origine nord-gondwanienne pour cette famille d'Angiospermes primitives. Une analyse cladistique des Annonaceae révèle une division basale de la famille en Anaxagorea, seul genre de répartition asiatique et néotropicale, et une lignée fondamentalement africaine et néotropicale qui comprend le reste de la famille. Plusieurs lignées évoluées sont partagées entre l'Afrique et l'Asie, dont une atteint l'Australie. Ce schéma pourrait traduire l'histoire suivante : (a) la disjonction des lignées laurasienne (Anaxagorea) et nord-gondwanienne au Crétacé inférieur, alors que les échanges à travers la Téthys étaient encore faciles et que les grandes lignées de Magnoliidae sont établies par la paléobotanique; (b) la radiation de la lignée nord-gondwanienne pendant le Crétacé supérieur, lorsque les barrières océaniques s'élargissaient; (c) la dispersion de lignées africaines en Laurasie due au mouvement de l'Afrique et de l'Inde vers le nord au début du Tertiaire, attestée par la présence de graines fossiles d'Annonaceae en Europe, et des échanges entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Amérique du Sud à la fin du Tertiaire.Wàhrend Takhtajan und Smith den Ursprung der Angiospermen zwischen Sùdostasien und Australien ansiedelten. haben Walker und Le Thomas die Konzentration primitiver Pollen-Typen von Annonaceae in Sùdamerika und Afrika hervorgehoben und so stattdessen einen Ursprung in Nord-Gondwanaland fur dièse Familie primitiver Angiospermen vorgeschlagen. Eine kladistische Analyse der Annonaceae zeigt eine Basis-Aufspaltung der Familie in Anaxagorea. die einzige Gattung mit asiatischer und neotropischer Verteilung und in eine grundsâtzlich afrikanische und neotropische Linie, welche den Rest der Familie einschliesst. Mehrere entwickelte Linien treten sowohl in Afrika wie Asien auf und eine davon erreicht Australien. Dies Schema kônnte die folgende Geschichte spiegeln: (a) Trennung der laurasischen (Anaxagorea) und der Nord-Godwanaland-Linien in derfrùhen Kreidezeit, zu einer Zeit als der Austausch ùber das Tethys noch einfach war und die Hauptlinien von Magnoliidae durch die Paieobotanik dokumentiert sind; (b) Radiation der Nord-Gondwanaland-Linie wàhrend der spâten Kreidezeit, als die Ozeanbarrieren sich verbreiterten; (c) Verbreitung der afrikanischen Linie ùber Laurasia aufgrund der Nordwàrts-Verschiebung von Afrika und Indien im frùhen Tertiâr, welche durch das Vorkommen fossiler Samen von Annonaceae in Europa bezeugt wird, und Austausch zwischen Nord- und Sùdamerika am Ende des Tertiârs

Vibrational Stability of NLC Linac accelerating structure

The vibration of components of the NLC linac, such as accelerating structures and girders, is being studied both experimentally and analytically. Various effects are being considered including structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water in the accelerating structure. This paper reports the status of ongoing work.Comment: 3 pages 8 figures Presented at EPAC 2002 Paris Franc

Vibrational Stability of NLC Linac and Final Focus Components

Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically. Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered. Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.Comment: 3 pages, 8 figures presented at the LINAC 2002 conference, Gyeongju Kore

Effect of Cooling Water on Stability of NLC Linac Components

Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically. Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered. Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.Comment: 6 Pages 13 Figures Presented at The Nanobeam 2002 Workshop (Lausanne Switzerland

Draft genome sequence of Enterobacter sp. strain EA-1, an electrochemically active microorganism isolated from tropical sediment

© 2018 Doyle et al. Enterobacter sp. strain EA-1 is an electrochemically active bacterium isolated from tropical sediment in Singapore. Here, the annotated draft genome assembly of the bacterium is reported. Whole-genome comparison indicates that Enterobacter sp. EA-1, along with a previously sequenced Enterobacter isolate from East Asia, forms a distinct clade within the Enterobacter genus

Hydrogel microparticles for biosensing

Due to their hydrophilic, biocompatible, and highly tunable nature, hydrogel materials have attracted strong interest in the recent years for numerous biotechnological applications. In particular, their solution-like environment and non-fouling nature in complex biological samples render hydrogels as ideal substrates for biosensing applications. Hydrogel coatings, and later, gel dot surface microarrays, were successfully used in sensitive nucleic acid assays and immunoassays. More recently, new microfabrication techniques for synthesizing encoded particles from hydrogel materials have enabled the development of hydrogel-based suspension arrays. Lithography processes and droplet-based microfluidic techniques enable generation of libraries of particles with unique spectral or graphical codes, for multiplexed sensing in biological samples. In this review, we discuss the key questions arising when designing hydrogel particles dedicated to biosensing. How can the hydrogel material be engineered in order to tune its properties and immobilize bioprobes inside? What are the strategies to fabricate and encode gel particles, and how can particles be processed and decoded after the assay? Finally, we review the bioassays reported so far in the literature that have used hydrogel particle arrays and give an outlook of further developments of the field. Keywords: Hydrogel; Biosensor; Microparticle; Multiplex assayNovartis Institutes of Biomedical Research (Presidential Fellowship)Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research (Education Office)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Grant 5R21CA177393-02)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CMMI-1120724)Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies (Grant W911NF-09-0001)United States. Army Research Offic